Pulmonary Valve Procedures Late After Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot: Current Perspectives and Contemporary Approaches to Management.

Few topics in adult congenital heart disease have approached the level of scrutiny bestowed on pulmonary valve replacement (PVR) strategies late after tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) repair. Despite the successes of primary surgery for TOF, there is a growing group of adults with residual right ventricular outflow tract and pulmonary valve dysfunction. Patients with residual chronic pulmonic regurgitation as a consequence of earlier surgery can later develop symptoms of exercise intolerance and complications including heart failure, tachyarrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Optimal timing of PVR has sparked debate, which has catalyzed increasing research efforts over the past decade. Although performance of PVR in the absence of symptoms is currently on the basis of the rationale that achievement of complete reverse remodelling is highly desirable, whether this approach results in improvement in patient outcomes in the long-term has yet to be shown. Surgical PVR and percutaneous pulmonary valve intervention are different techniques with specific advantages and disadvantages that require careful consideration for each individual patient, alongside the need for requisite reinterventions over the course of a patient's lifetime. Criteria pertaining to referral strategies are ever being refined as newer technologies for percutaneous therapies continue to evolve. In this article we review the literature surrounding the indications for, the optimal timing of, and the approaches to pulmonary valve procedures in adults with previously repaired TOF.