Complications and management of penile enhancement procedures.

Demand for penile enhancement-driven by cosmetic and psychological goals-is rising, and complications are increasingly encountered in urologic practice. This review offers practical, procedure-focused guidance on diagnosing and managing adverse events after injectable fillers, self-injection of foreign substances, dermal matrices, autologous fat transfer, and the subcutaneous silicone Penuma implant. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is the most commonly used filler and, when applied with standardized, low-volume protocols, generally has lower complication rates than polylactic acid (PLA), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), silicone, or nonmedical self-injected materials. Typical HA-related issues include migration, nodules, Tyndall effect, phimosis, and infection; management emphasizes early massage/modeling, warm compresses, judicious hyaluronidase for confirmed HA, antibiotics with drainage for abscess, and selective surgical excision for refractory nodules. Permanent fillers and self-injected substances are associated with granuloma, necrosis, infection, lymphedema, and disfiguring inflammation; these often require wide excision down to Buck's fascia with reconstructive strategies such as split-thickness skin grafts or scrotal/dartos flaps. For dermal matrix and fat transfer, complications include edema, hematoma, infection (commonly Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli), necrosis, contour deformity, and rare fat embolism; treatment ranges from compression and local debridement to staged reconstruction. The Penuma implant presents device-specific problems-seroma, infection, distal flaring with impending erosion, capsular contracture, curvature, and shortening-managed with antibiotics, wound care, traction or vacuum therapy, revision, or explantation with postoperative rehabilitation; salvage in frank infection is not described. Across modalities, prevention hinges on patient selection, informed consent with expectation management, sterile technique, and adherence to standardized injection/implant protocols. Timely recognition of early versus late complications and use of clear algorithms can preserve cosmesis and function. This review distills current data and referral-center experience into actionable steps for clinicians who perform or manage complications of penile enhancement procedures.