The Pharmacology of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome Treatment Reviewed: Efficacy, Cost, and Safety.

Alcohol continues to be one of the most common drugs of abuse. The morbidity and mortality associated with alcohol withdrawal has decreased significantly with the advent of pharmacologic intervention. However, the best method for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome remains controversial. With chronic use, alcohol can disturb the function and balance of several neurotransmitter systems such as excitatory amino acids, GABA, serotonin, and acetylcholine. Compensatory mechanisms in these pathways appear to predominate during chronic use but may become pathologic during withdrawal. As the understanding of alcohol-induced cellular changes increases, treatment of chronic abuse and withdrawal can be refined. Several groups of drugs are efficacious as either primary or adjunct agents in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. This review describes the current theories on the etiology and treatment of alcohol withdrawal syndrome with emphasis on efficacy, cost, pharmacokinetic parameters, and safety considerations. A proposed withdrawal regimen is also described. Benzodiazepines appear to be the safest and most efficacious choice. With a wide variety of pharmacokinetic parameters and low cost of treatment, they remain the drugs of choice for withdrawal. Ethanol, barbiturates, antiseizure medications, and sympatholytic and sympathomimetic drugs are also reviewed. Newer agents that may have a future role in withdrawal are discussed as well.