After-hours digital demands and police stress: moderating roles of personality, leadership, and team-member interaction.

only extraversion significantly moderated the after-hours digital demand-stress association, and the positive interaction indicated an amplifying rather than buffering pattern.These findings highlight the importance of organisational boundary governance and cautious interpretation of individual-difference effects when managing after-hours connectivity demands. Because the study is cross-sectional, these implications should be interpreted as organisational options to be evaluated rather than as evidence that any specific intervention is more effective than another.