Chondrosarcoma: A comprehensive review of tumor biology, clinical behavior, and therapeutic advances.

Chondrosarcoma is a heterogeneous group of malignant bone tumors characterized by the production of neoplastic hyaline cartilage. These tumors are often indolent and typically resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, with surgical resection remaining the cornerstone of treatment. However, patients with unresectable or metastatic disease face poor outcomes due to the lack of effective systemic therapies. While advancements in systemic treatments - such as immunotherapy and anti-angiogenic agents - and novel radiation modalities like proton beam therapy and carbon ion therapy have shown some benefit in select cases, their overall efficacy remains limited, underscoring the urgent need for more effective treatment options. Emerging novel therapies are beginning to illuminate potential new treatment pathways. Current efforts are increasingly focused on targeting recurrent genetic alterations and dysregulated signaling pathways, including IDH mutations, DR5-mediated apoptotic pathway, hedgehog signaling, Src kinase pathway, the PI3K-Akt-mTOR axis, histone deacetylation, and angiogenesis. Although these targeted strategies are still under investigation, they show promise in overcoming therapeutic resistance and advancing personalized treatment. This review provides an overview of the clinical characteristics of major chondrosarcoma subtypes, key genetic alterations implicated in tumor pathogenesis, and recent advances in treatment strategies, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and emerging targeted therapies.