Anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein antibody and anti-aquaporin-4 antibody double-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A case report.

BACKGROUND: A case of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) with positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) anti-aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-IgG) and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein IgG (GFAP-IgG) at the time of relapse was reported. The exact roles of GFAP-IgG in NMOSD are not fully understood and are the subject of ongoing research. This study revealed the possible connection between GFAP-IgG and the occurrence or development of diseases.

CASE SUMMARY: A 19-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital due to a constellation of symptoms, including dizziness, nausea, and vomiting that commenced 1 year prior, reoccurred 2 mo ago, and were accompanied by visual blurring that also began 2 mo ago. Additionally, she presented with slurred speech and ptosis, both of which emerged 1 mo ago. Notably, her symptoms deteriorated 10 d prior to admission, leading to the onset of arm and leg weakness. During hospitalization, magnetic resonance imaging showed high T2-fluid attenuated inversion recovery signals, and slightly high and equal diffusion-weighted imaging signals. The serum antibody of AQP4-IgG tested positive at a dilution of 1:100. CSF antibody testing showed positive results for GFAP-IgG at a dilution of 1:10 and AQP4-IgG at a dilution of 1:32. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with NMOSD. She received intravenous methylprednisolone at a daily dose of 500 mg for 5 d, followed by a tapering-off period. Afterward, the rate of reduction was gradually slowed down and the timely use of immunosuppressants was implemented.

CONCLUSION: The CFS was slightly GFAP-IgG-positive during the relapse period, which can aid in the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.