Therapeutic interventions against reperfusion injury in skeletal muscle.

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the skeletal muscle is inevitable in many vascular and musculoskeletal traumas, diseases, free tissue transfers, and during time-consuming reconstructive and transplantation surgeries. Although skeletal muscle has a higher tolerance to ischemia than other organs, prolonged ischemia can still result in significant complications, including muscle necrosis and apoptosis. One of the major goals in the treatment of ischemia is early restoration of blood flow (reperfusion) to the area at risk. However, reperfusion has led to a new pathophysiologic condition called "reperfusion injury," a phenomenon which actually provokes a distinct degree of tissue injury. The purpose of this review is to examine the current state of understanding of I/R injury as well as to highlight recent developments on I/R interventions including our own experience in this particular field. We expect, as our acquired experience and the increased knowledge of underlying mechanisms of I/R injury, more effective interventions aimed to reduce I/R injury will be developed to interfere with or modulate this particular pathophysiologic processes.