Synergistic effect of sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron in donor and recipient bacterial inactivation and gene conjugative transfer inhibition.

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) are widespread in urban wastewater treatment plants (UWTPs). In this research, a horizontal transfer model of recipient (Pseudomonas. HLS-6) and donor (Escherichia coli DH5α carries RP4 plasmid) was constructed to explore the effect of sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) on the efficiency of plasmid-mediated horizontal transfer. When the S/Fe was 0.1, the inactivation efficiency of 1120 mg/L S-nZVI on the donor and recipient bacteria were 2.36 ± 0.03 log and 3.50 ± 0.17 log after 30 min, respectively (initial ARB concentration ≈ 5 ×107 CFU/mL). Effects of treatment time, S/Fe molar ratio, S-nZVI dosage and initial bacterial concentration were systemically studied. S-nZVI treatment could increase the extracellular alkaline phosphatase and malondialdehyde content of the ARB, cause oxidative stress in the bacteria, destroy the cell structure and damage the intracellular DNA. This study provided evidence and insights into possible underlying mechanisms for reducing conjugative transfer, such as hindering cell membrane repair, inducing the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, inhibiting the SOS response, reducing the expression of ARGs and related transfer genes. S-nZVI could inhibit the gene conjugative transfer while inactivating the ARB. The findings provided an alternative method for controlling antibiotic resistance.