Lyme borreliosis agents and the genetics and sex of their vector, Ixodes ricinus.

The tick Ixodes ricinus is responsible for the transmission and maintenance of a wide variety of pathogenic organisms in the Northern Hemisphere, among which Lyme disease represents a major threat to humans. Despite numerous studies, the epidemiology of the different bacterial species responsible for this disease remains unclear. Recent evidence for a sex-biased genetic structure of its European vector leads us to analyse the consequences of this pattern on Borrelia transmission. Here we show that male and female ticks are not equivalently infected by Borrelia burgdorferi, that Borrelia afzelii affects tick migration capabilities, especially for the most vagile sex (i.e., male) and that Lyme borreliosis agents are consequently vectorised in a much more complex way than usually thought. Such results change the epidemiological perception of Lyme borreliosis and suggest new co-evolutionary pathways between the ticks and the borrelia.