Minerals, serum metabolites, hormones, and bovine reproduction: a review.

This study aimed to highlight the roles of different minerals, serum metabolites, and hormones related to reproductive health of cattle as these have a significant role in cattle production and reproduction. Minerals are known for their contribution to several physiological processes such as cell formation and are paramount for physiological functions of vitamins, enzymes, and hormones. Evaluations of serum metabolites are good indicators of disease diagnosis and nutritional status in animals. Hormonal imbalance before and during pregnancy can negatively impact an overall bovine reproductive health. Minerals are important for reproduction, serum metabolites are a reliable indicator as their changes have been related to many disorders in reproduction, and hormones are significant indicators in cows presenting different reproductive conditions.