Active immunisation against human tick-borne diseases.

With the development and licensure of a recombinant vaccine for the tick-borne infection Lyme disease, more attention has been paid to other vaccines that have been used or are being developed for the prevention of other tick-borne infections. This review highlights vaccine information for Lyme borreliosis, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularaemia, Query (Q) fever, Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) and tick paralysis. Additionally, discussion on the use of immunisation against the tick itself is included which not only can decrease veterinary tick burdens but may also decrease the transmission of arthropod-transmitted diseases.