Latest developments in the detection and quantification of adrenaline: advances and clinical applications.

Adrenaline, a critical biomarker of stress and autonomic nervous system function, plays a central role in diagnosing and monitoring several medical conditions such as cardiovascular ailments, endocrine illnesses, and neurodegenerative syndromes. Traditional detection methods, including gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and spectrophotometry, offer high sensitivity and specificity but are limited by complex instrumentation, high cost, and the need for specialized personnel. These constraints hinder their use in rapid, point-of-care, or decentralized settings. This review provides a thorough summary of conventional and emerging adrenaline detection technologies, focusing on recent biosensing platform advancements. Electrochemical and optical sensors enhanced by nanomaterial-based electrode modifications and advanced molecular recognition strategies have improved sensitivity, selectivity, and portability.