Cancer vaccines and RNA therapeutics: exploring the impact of microRNAs.

RNA-based therapies have been studied for decades, gaining global recognition with the success of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine. Despite ongoing challenges in standardization and optimization, RNA therapeutics have become central to precision medicine. This success has driven interest in oncology applications, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), which regulate gene expression and cancer-related processes. This article reviews RNA-based cancer therapies, highlighting miRNA potential and clinical translation challenges.