Exploration of interaction between angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) and the inhibitory peptide from Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida).

The interaction between angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) and the inhibitory peptide KNFL from Wakame was explored using isothermal titration calorimetry, multiple spectroscopic techniques and molecular dynamics simulations, and an inhibition model was established based on free energy binding theory. The experiments revealed that the binding of KNFL to ACE was a spontaneous exothermic process driven by enthalpy and entropy and occurred via multiple binding sites to form stable complexes. The complexes may be formed through multiple steps of inducing fit and conformational selection. The peptide KNFL had a fluorescence quenching effect on ACE and its addition not only affected the microenvironment around the ACE Trp and Tyr residues, but also increased the diameter and altered the conformation of ACE. This study should prove useful for improving our understanding of the mechanism of ACE inhibitory peptides.