Pulmonary development considerations in the surgical management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia remains a clinical challenge for both neonatologists and pediatric surgeons. Advancements in mechanical ventilation strategies and neonatal intensive care have improved survival and transformed treatment of congenital diaphragmatic hernia from emergent surgery to early stabilization of the newborn followed by delayed repair of the diaphragmatic defect. Surgical technique has evolved and minimally invasive surgical approaches to close the diaphragmatic defect in these babies will likely improve with increasing experience. Finally, as more patients are diagnosed prenatally, attempts have been made to close the diaphragmatic defect prenatally. Unfortunately, this approach did not change the outcome of affected babies. Recently, progress has been made with prenatal tracheal plugging to improve prenatal lung development. In the near future experimental studies will start to explore new ways of treating affected babies prior to birth. This article reviews the evolution of the current treatment strategies in congenital diaphragmatic hernia and its future directions.