Clinical guidelines addressing complex and 'wicked' problems.

Clinical guidelines aid decision-making, but their simplifying strength becomes a limitation in complex, value-laden situations. Once meant to summarise evidence, they now function as prescriptive standards used in quality and legal assessments. Overly rigid directives can undermine autonomy, hide uncertainty and restrict clinical judgement. Using complexity science and 'wicked problem' theory, we introduce 'wicked complexity' to better match guidelines design to real clinical challenges. Applying this to deprescribing psychoactive drugs, we show how traditional, adherence-focused guidance can prompt defensive practice. Guidelines for wicked complexity should instead clarify risks, support moral deliberation and support shared, iterative decision-making across healthcare.