Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, cyclooxygenase-2, and the kidneys.

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most commonly used classes of medications in the world, which function by inhibiting the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes and downregulating the inflammatory pathway. COX enzymes are constitutively expressed in the kidneys and function to maintain a homeostatic environment in terms of maintaining the glomerular filtration rate, blood pressure, sodium, water, and osmotic regulation. When the COX enzymes are inhibited by NSAIDs, a multitude of renal and vascular complications occur. This article aims to enlighten primary care physicians of the complications that arise with NSAIDs from a renal perspective and to present some management strategies.