Holistic approach to dysmenorrhea management: Integrating pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for improved women's health in the Middle East and Africa.

Dysmenorrhea, defined by painful menstrual cramps, is a highly prevalent gynecological condition impacting women worldwide. In the Middle East and Africa (MEA) region, its management is particularly challenging due to specific sociocultural barriers and environmental factors like extreme heat conditions. These challenges not only complicate access to effective treatment but also exacerbate the condition's impact on women's daily lives and overall well-being. This narrative review article examines the prevalence of dysmenorrhea in the MEA region, its significant impact on women's quality of life, and the various pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches that are available for its management. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly prescribed for dysmenorrhea, but their efficacy is often compromised due to improper storage under high temperatures and humidity, which is an important logistical challenge in the region. Also, improper use may cause adverse effects. Therefore, non-pharmacological treatments such as heat application, exercise, and herbal medicine are gaining recognition for their safety and effectiveness. This article also explores cultural factors that hinder effective treatment, including the stigma surrounding menstruation and public misconceptions about pharmacological options. The review highlights the need for holistic, patient-centered approaches that integrate education, lifestyle modifications, and innovative storage solutions to ensure drug efficacy in the MEA region. Additionally, the role of digital technologies in improving menstrual health management through symptom tracking and patient education is discussed. Addressing both the sociocultural and environmental barriers is crucial to improving dysmenorrhea management and enhancing the quality of life for women in the MEA region.