Veterinary medicine and science · 2026
Survey of Smallholder Dairy Cattle Farming System and Antibiotic Residues in Raw Cow's Milk in Bagamoyo District, Tanzania.
СтатьяНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
Обработка статьи · этапы, ошибки и управление
Загрузка состояния…
Ошибки и ограничения
История · было → стало
Состояние обновляется каждые 5 секунд, пока блок открыт. Процент показывается только там, где известен объём работы. Пауза останавливает продолжение этапа; текущий запрос к источнику может завершиться.
Ramadhani Ridhiwan I, Nonga Hezron Emmanuel
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Smallholder dairy farmers in Tanzania face multiple challenges, particularly livestock diseases, which drive the imprudent use of veterinary medicines most notably antimicrobials thereby contributing to antimicrobial resistance.
OBJECTIVES: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bagamoyo District to examine smallholder dairy cattle production systems, health challenges, veterinary drug use and the presence of oxytetracycline (OTC) residues in raw cow milk.
METHODS: Structured questionnaires were administered to 110 farmers, and 50 mL of raw cow milk was collected from each for antimicrobial residue analysis. Screening for antimicrobial residues was performed using the microbial inhibition test, while identification and quantification of OTC residues were conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data were summarised using descriptive statistics and analysed with Epi-Info version 7.2.6.0.
RESULTS: Semi-intensive feeding systems were most common (59.1%), and most farmers (91.8%) reported disease control through good animal management and hygiene (65.5%), pesticide use (63.4%), medicines (61.8%) and vaccination (56.4%). Vector-borne diseases were prevalent, with East Coast Fever (67.3%), anaplasmosis (33.6%), and trypanosomiasis (21%) being the most frequently reported. Antimicrobials, particularly OTC, were widely used for treatment (63.6%) and were readily available from veterinary shops. Encouragingly, most farmers (96.4%) reported compliance with drug withdrawal periods, citing awareness of the health risks associated with consuming milk containing antimicrobial residues. The prevalence of antimicrobial residues in milk was 10%, with mean OTC concentrations of 785.6 ± 699.1 µg/L approximately eight times higher than the Codex Alimentarius Commission's maximum residue limit (MRL) of 100 µg/L.
CONCLUSIONS: Such elevated levels pose a significant public health risk to consumers and compromise milk quality. Strengthening farmer education on good livestock husbandry, effective disease control and strict adherence to drug withdrawal periods is recommended to safeguard public health and improve milk safety standards.
OBJECTIVES: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Bagamoyo District to examine smallholder dairy cattle production systems, health challenges, veterinary drug use and the presence of oxytetracycline (OTC) residues in raw cow milk.
METHODS: Structured questionnaires were administered to 110 farmers, and 50 mL of raw cow milk was collected from each for antimicrobial residue analysis. Screening for antimicrobial residues was performed using the microbial inhibition test, while identification and quantification of OTC residues were conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Data were summarised using descriptive statistics and analysed with Epi-Info version 7.2.6.0.
RESULTS: Semi-intensive feeding systems were most common (59.1%), and most farmers (91.8%) reported disease control through good animal management and hygiene (65.5%), pesticide use (63.4%), medicines (61.8%) and vaccination (56.4%). Vector-borne diseases were prevalent, with East Coast Fever (67.3%), anaplasmosis (33.6%), and trypanosomiasis (21%) being the most frequently reported. Antimicrobials, particularly OTC, were widely used for treatment (63.6%) and were readily available from veterinary shops. Encouragingly, most farmers (96.4%) reported compliance with drug withdrawal periods, citing awareness of the health risks associated with consuming milk containing antimicrobial residues. The prevalence of antimicrobial residues in milk was 10%, with mean OTC concentrations of 785.6 ± 699.1 µg/L approximately eight times higher than the Codex Alimentarius Commission's maximum residue limit (MRL) of 100 µg/L.
CONCLUSIONS: Such elevated levels pose a significant public health risk to consumers and compromise milk quality. Strengthening farmer education on good livestock husbandry, effective disease control and strict adherence to drug withdrawal periods is recommended to safeguard public health and improve milk safety standards.