Cavernous Malformations: Updates in Surgical Management and Biology.

Cavernous malformations (CMs) are low-flow vascular lesions of the central nervous system prone to symptomatic hemorrhage. CMs are estimated to be present in approximately 0.5% of the population. Usually, they are characterized by a relatively benign clinical course, staying asymptomatic in many patients. However, depending on the anatomic location, CMs can cause significant morbidity due to symptoms such as seizures or focal neurologic deficits (most of the time caused by symptomatic hemorrhage). This nonsystematic review aims to summarize important recent clinical research focusing on the biology and surgical management of CMs published since 2017.