Study and Detection of Citrus Viroids in Woody Hosts.

Biological indexing is based upon the ability of certain plants, referred to as indicator plants or indicators, to produce specific symptoms when inoculated with a pathogen using mechanical means or grafting. In the case of citrus viroids, clonal indicators are grafted on to vigorous rootstocks such as rough lemon (Citrus × granulata Raf.). The 'Arizona-861-S-1' citron clonal indicator (C. medica L.) can detect and bioamplify all citrus viroids; however, for specific citrus variants of the hop stunt viroid (i.e., CVd-IIb and CVd-IIc), the clonal indicator 'Parson's special # 9' mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco) is preferred. Inoculation techniques and symptom expression are described in detail. Other supporting elements, such as greenhouse conditions and propagation techniques, are also presented.