Comparing the fate of antibiotic resistance genes in two full-scale thermophilic anaerobic digestion plants treating food wastewater.

This study focus on the fate of ARGs in the full-scale AD of food wastewater (FWW). Residue was collected from two different full-scale thermophilic AD treating FWW. Ten selected ARGs, including tetracycline resistance genes (tetM, tetX, tetQ, tetH and tetG), sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1 and sul2), quinolone resistance genes (qnrD) and macrolide resistance genes (ermB and ermC), were amplified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Furthermore, the class 1 integron-integrase gene (intI1) was selected as a representative mobile gene element. Remarkable reduction in the ARGs and intI1 was observed in two-stage (acidogenic-methanogenic) AD, particularly, tetG, tetH, tetM, tetQ, tetX and intI1 not detected. Additionally, significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) between ARGs and intI1 suggested a strong likelihood of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Furthermore, stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed significant factors related to the fate of individual ARGs and intI1 during AD.