Revista brasileira de epidemiologia = Brazilian journal of epidemiology · 2026
Spatial and temporal distribution of Brazilian spotted fever in an endemic area: epidemiological profile of a zoonosis in constant adaptation to anthropogenic actions.
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Brasil Jardel, Pinter Adriano, Angerami Rodrigo Nogueira, Donalisio Maria Rita
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of probable infection sites (PIS) for Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) and to evaluate changes in the occurrence pattern in an endemic area in the interior of the state of São Paulo.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 40 confirmed cases of BSF (2007-2024) with identified PIS in the municipality of Americana, São Paulo. Data were obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação), epidemiological investigation reports, and acarological surveys. For each georeferenced PIS, data on microclimate, altimetry, slope, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and proximity to water bodies were analyzed.
RESULTS: Cases were atypically concentrated in the first half of the year, differing from the expected pattern for areas of transmission by Amblyomma sculptum, influenced by the outbreak recorded in 2018. PIS were concentrated near water bodies, in areas of degraded riparian forest and microclimates characterized by mild temperatures and high humidity, with low NDVI values, low altitude, and low slope. Spatial clustering was observed, along with an expansion of transmission toward urbanized areas over the study period: initially (2007-2015, nine cases) in the northern/northeastern portion of the municipality, in bordering regions, and more recently (2016-2024, 25 cases) advancing toward central areas, with the formation of large clusters.
CONCLUSION: The findings indicate an eco-epidemiological alert scenario associated with the proximity between high densities of vectors, amplifying hosts, and human populations, reinforcing the need for intensified surveillance and targeted health education starting in the second quarter of the year.
METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 40 confirmed cases of BSF (2007-2024) with identified PIS in the municipality of Americana, São Paulo. Data were obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação), epidemiological investigation reports, and acarological surveys. For each georeferenced PIS, data on microclimate, altimetry, slope, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and proximity to water bodies were analyzed.
RESULTS: Cases were atypically concentrated in the first half of the year, differing from the expected pattern for areas of transmission by Amblyomma sculptum, influenced by the outbreak recorded in 2018. PIS were concentrated near water bodies, in areas of degraded riparian forest and microclimates characterized by mild temperatures and high humidity, with low NDVI values, low altitude, and low slope. Spatial clustering was observed, along with an expansion of transmission toward urbanized areas over the study period: initially (2007-2015, nine cases) in the northern/northeastern portion of the municipality, in bordering regions, and more recently (2016-2024, 25 cases) advancing toward central areas, with the formation of large clusters.
CONCLUSION: The findings indicate an eco-epidemiological alert scenario associated with the proximity between high densities of vectors, amplifying hosts, and human populations, reinforcing the need for intensified surveillance and targeted health education starting in the second quarter of the year.