Frontiers in toxicology · 2026
The role of mycotoxins in lipid metabolism and homeostasis: a systematic review.
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Csókay Bernadett, Ruff Eszter, Szőke Zsuzsanna, Sára Levente, Komoróczy Balázs, Szentirmay Apolka, Unicsovics Márkó, Sára-Popovics Katalin, Holéci Dóra, Hamar Balázs
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Mycotoxins are widespread food contaminants that pose a significant global health concern. While their hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and carcinogenic effects are well established and characterized, their effects on adipose tissue biology and systemic lipid regulation remain incompletely understood. Given adipose tissue's central role in lipid homeostasis, endocrine regulation, and as a storage reservoir for adipophilic compounds, understanding these effects is critical.
METHODS: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, and prospectively registered to PROSPERO (CRD42022287044). A comprehensive literature search was conducted in CENTRAL, Embase, and MEDLINE (PubMed) through 16 January 2026. Experimental in vivo and in vitro studies examining the effects of mycotoxins on adipose tissue, lipid metabolism, or mycotoxin distribution in fat tissue were included. Risk of bias in animal studies was assessed using the SYRCLE Risk of Bias Tool. A descriptive qualitative synthesis was performed.
RESULTS: Twenty-one experimental studies met the inclusion criteria. Across animal models, mycotoxin exposure consistently disrupted lipid homeostasis, leading to elevated serum triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL levels, alongside reduced HDL concentrations. These effects were mediated through toxin-specific mechanisms, including inhibition of pparα signaling by aflatoxins and ochratoxin, suppression of pparγ by deoxynivalenol, and activation of pparγ by zearalenone. Mycotoxins also impaired adipokine secretion, with reduced leptin and adiponectin levels, and were associated with insulin resistance and altered glucose metabolism. Importantly, although mycotoxins are primarily metabolized in the liver, multiple studies demonstrated substantial accumulation and prolonged retention in adipose tissue, suggesting a secondary toxicokinetic reservoir.
CONCLUSION: Mycotoxins exert significant, toxin-specific effects on lipid metabolism and adipose tissue function and may contribute to cardiometabolic dysfunction. Adipose tissue appears to play a key role in mycotoxin bioaccumulation, with potential implications for chronic exposure and delayed systemic toxicity.
METHODS: This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, and prospectively registered to PROSPERO (CRD42022287044). A comprehensive literature search was conducted in CENTRAL, Embase, and MEDLINE (PubMed) through 16 January 2026. Experimental in vivo and in vitro studies examining the effects of mycotoxins on adipose tissue, lipid metabolism, or mycotoxin distribution in fat tissue were included. Risk of bias in animal studies was assessed using the SYRCLE Risk of Bias Tool. A descriptive qualitative synthesis was performed.
RESULTS: Twenty-one experimental studies met the inclusion criteria. Across animal models, mycotoxin exposure consistently disrupted lipid homeostasis, leading to elevated serum triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL levels, alongside reduced HDL concentrations. These effects were mediated through toxin-specific mechanisms, including inhibition of pparα signaling by aflatoxins and ochratoxin, suppression of pparγ by deoxynivalenol, and activation of pparγ by zearalenone. Mycotoxins also impaired adipokine secretion, with reduced leptin and adiponectin levels, and were associated with insulin resistance and altered glucose metabolism. Importantly, although mycotoxins are primarily metabolized in the liver, multiple studies demonstrated substantial accumulation and prolonged retention in adipose tissue, suggesting a secondary toxicokinetic reservoir.
CONCLUSION: Mycotoxins exert significant, toxin-specific effects on lipid metabolism and adipose tissue function and may contribute to cardiometabolic dysfunction. Adipose tissue appears to play a key role in mycotoxin bioaccumulation, with potential implications for chronic exposure and delayed systemic toxicity.