Temporal multi-omics analysis of COVID-19 in end-stage kidney disease.

Patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) are at high risk of severe COVID-19. We performed longitudinal single-cell immune profiling of ESKD patients with COVID-19. Transcriptome, surface proteome, and immunoreceptor sequencing data were generated on 580,040 high-quality cells, derived from 187 samples from 61 patients. For a subset of individuals, we obtained samples before and during infection, allowing intra-individual comparison. Longitudinal profiling demonstrated distinct temporal gene expression trajectories in severe/critical versus mild/moderate COVID-19. We identified a population of transcriptionally distinct monocytes that emerged in peripheral blood following glucocorticoid treatment. Evaluation of clonal T cell dynamics showed that the fastest expanding clones were enriched in known SARS-CoV-2-specific sequences and shared across multiple patients. Comparison with external datasets revealed upregulation of immune cell TGF-β pathway expression in ESKD, irrespective of COVID-19 status. Our data delineate the temporal dynamics of the immune response in COVID-19 in a high-risk population.