Breast cancer and carotenoid- A comprehensive review of relationship insights, evidence, mechanisms, and future perspective.

This qualitative synthesis review critically examines the current body of scientific evidence linking carotenoids with breast cancer, integrating insights from biochemical, epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical studies. Literature selection and reporting were conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines to ensure methodological transparency and rigor. The review first outlines the global epidemiology and molecular landscape of breast cancer, providing a biological framework for understanding disease heterogeneity. It then presents a comprehensive overview of carotenoids, including their chemistry, dietary sources, bioavailability, metabolism, and biological behavior. Subsequent sections focus on the mechanistic pathways through which carotenoids may influence breast cancer initiation, progression, and therapeutic response, highlighting key findings predominantly from studies published over the past two decades. Emerging challenges, knowledge gaps, and opportunities for clinical translation are also discussed. By integrating evidence across multiple disciplines, this review offers a holistic and evidence-based perspective on the potential preventive, therapeutic, and adjunctive roles of carotenoids in breast cancer management.