Position statement of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology on the refusal and discontinuation of dialysis.

Renal failure is considered a life-limiting CONDITION that often requires Renal Replacement Therapy, such as dialysis or kidney transplantation. Dialysis can effectively relieve symptoms and prolong life, but its withdrawal results in severe complications and death. The decision to discontinue or refuse to dialysis must be made collaboratively by the patient, family, and healthcare team, considering the clinical condition, life expectancy, symptom burden, and individual preferences. This decision, involving clinical, bioethical, and legal aspects, is complex and requires a collective understanding of the process. Withdrawal to dialysis presents a challenge for nephrologists and the healthcare team due to the lack of clear guidelines, which can compromis the safety of the process and the patient's dignity. In this position statement, the Brazilian Society of Nephrology recommends a process for dialysis withdrawal or refusal, including identifying eligible patients, applying prognostic assessment tools, shared decision-making, advance care planning, and offering dialysis alternatives. The decision must be consensual, allowing adequate time for reflection, and healthcare services must provide comprehensive management of physical, psychological, social, and spiritual symptoms, as well as end-of-life care. Proper documentation in medical records is essential to ensure process transparency. Therefore, refusal or withdrawal to dialysis should be an informed decision that respects individual autonomy and balances clinical, bioethical, spiritual, and legal considerations.