Fatal Mediterranean spotted fever in Greece.

Forty-five days after the first confirmed and fatal Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) case in Greece in 2008, a female patient with similar signs and symptoms (high fever, thrombocytopaenia) and resident of the same area, was admitted to the University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis. Before admission, she had visited a local hospital where a cephalosporin was prescribed. A rash manifested over subsequent days, which was misdiagnosed as an allergy to the drug. Upon admission to the University Hospital, she was given further antibiotics, including doxycycline; a few hours later, ribavirin was added because CCHF was suspected. After the patient's death, rickettsiosis caused by Rickettsia conorii conorii (Meditteranean spotted fever; MSF) was diagnosed. Extremely high values of interleukin (IL)-1ra, IL-6, interferon-gamma-inducible protein-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and an absence of tumour necrosis factor-alpha were observed. MSF is a potentially severe and even fatal disease resembling viral haemorrhagic fevers that has to be included in the differential diagnosis of febrile syndromes combined with thrombocytopaenia, even when a tick bite is not reported, and an eschar is absent. Physicians have to be aware of MSF in patients with severe disease who are returning from the Mediterranean area.