Biodegradable polymers and biocomposites in sustainable additive manufacturing: A review.

This review provides a comprehensive resource for researchers, engineers, and industry professionals seeking sustainable additive manufacturing (AM) solutions by bridging material science and process optimization. Rising global warming concerns, driven by carbon dioxide emissions from nonbiodegradable polymers, have accelerated the demand for biodegradable alternatives. This article covers the evolution of AM, the use of biopolymers and biocomposites, their material properties, processing considerations, and industrial applications, emphasizing the importance of tailoring printing parameters for successful implementation. The advantages of biocomposites, often incorporating renewable resources, are highlighted, alongside how material selection and process conditions influence printability, mechanical integrity, and thermal stability. The convergence of biodegradable materials with AM reflects pioneering developments in the field. Future research should focus on developing high-performance biodegradable products via combined printing and recycling approaches, while biomedical advances enable the development of tissue scaffolds and implants with tunable degradation rates. The integration of AI and ML supports predictive design and process optimization, and the transition from 3D to 4D printing opens new avenues for smart, responsive, and sustainable applications. With the field evolving rapidly, major challenges beyond research include standardization and driving adoption. This review consolidates current progress, identifies research gaps, and provides directions for future studies in materials science, engineering, and environmental sustainability.