Female reproductive health during the COVID-19 pandemic: latest evidence and understanding.

PURPOSE: The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has imposed a heavy burden on medical systems. In addition to the respiratory system, the virus also causes injuries to other organs and systems such as the gastroenteric system, kidneys, and reproductive system. Female reproductive health requires more attention in this context.

METHODS

We have performed a thorough review of the relevant literature that addresses the impacts of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 vaccination on the female reproductive system.

RESULTS

Most evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 does not infect the female reproductive system. However, the virus may indirectly influence sex hormone concentrations through inflammation associated with cytokine storms and nervous system damage. Menstrual disorders in women infected with SARS-CoV-2 may be caused by down-regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, abnormal hormone levels, medications, and stress. There is no significant difference in ovarian follicle quality and in vitro fertilization parameters between the pre- and post-COVID-19 vaccination groups. In addition, most symptoms due to side effects of vaccination could recover within a short period of time.

CONCLUSION

SARS-CoV-2 infection affects female reproductive system function through multiple mechanisms. It is recommended that women of childbearing age be vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccine.