Moutan Cortex: A Review of Origins, Phytochemical Characterization Strategies, and Anti-fibrosis-related Pharmacological Mechanisms and Applications.

Traditional medicine has long acknowledged the therapeutic effects of Moutan cortex (MC), derived from the dried root bark of the tree peony. In recent times, scientific investigations have shed light on its bioactive components and the mechanisms underlying its health-promoting effects. Here, we review the origin of MC, encompassing its worldwide resource distribution, plant morphological characteristics, and medicinal values. Additionally, a multi-dimensional analysis is carried out on the present research strategies concerning the components of MC, aiming to provide insights into the identification of the active components in MC. Simultaneously, this article focuses on the anti-fibrotic pharmacological mechanisms of the two crucial active components, paeonol and paeoniflorin, derived from MC. We comprehensively summarize the multiple mechanisms and pathways through which these components exhibit anti-fibrotic actions within specific pathological sites. Moreover, it reviews the advancements in patents and clinical research associated with paeonol and paeoniflorin, emphasizing their substantial potential for translational applications. Elucidating the key active components derived from MC and their pharmacological mechanisms holds critical scientific and practical value across multiple fields.