Innate Immune Responses to Bladder Infection.

Urinary tract infections are one of the most frequent bacterial infections of mankind. In spite of this frequency, the study of the immune system in the urinary tract has not attracted much attention. This could, in part, be attributable to the widespread use of antibiotics and similar antimicrobial agents, which for many decades have been both highly effective and relatively inexpensive to administer. In light of the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria among urinary tract infection isolates, interest in understanding the immune system in the urinary tract has grown. Several recent studies have revealed the existence of a powerful and highly coordinated innate immune system in the urinary tract designed to rapidly clear infecting pathogens; however, it also evokes harmful side effects.