Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and incidence of brain tumor: the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE).
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Andersen Zorana J, Pedersen Marie, Weinmayr Gudrun, Stafoggia Massimo, Galassi Claudia, Jørgensen Jeanette T, Sommar Johan N, Forsberg Bertil, Olsson David, Oftedal Bente, Aasvang Gunn Marit, Schwarze Per, Pyko Andrei, Pershagen Göran, Korek Michal, Faire Ulf De, Östenson Claes-Göran, Fratiglioni Laura, Eriksen Kirsten T, Poulsen Aslak H, Tjønneland Anne, Bräuner Elvira Vaclavik, Peeters Petra H, Bueno-de-Mesquita Bas, Jaensch Andrea, Nagel Gabriele, Lang Alois, Wang Meng, Tsai Ming-Yi, Grioni Sara, Marcon Alessandro, Krogh Vittorio, Ricceri Fulvio, Sacerdote Carlotta, Migliore Enrica, Vermeulen Roel, Sokhi Ranjeet, Keuken Menno, de Hoogh Kees, Beelen Rob, Vineis Paolo, Cesaroni Giulia, Brunekreef Bert, Hoek Gerard, Raaschou-Nielsen Ole
Аннотация
METHODS: In 12 cohorts from 6 European countries, individual estimates of annual mean air pollution levels at the baseline residence were estimated by standardized land-use regression models developed within the ESCAPE and TRANSPHORM projects: particulate matter (PM) ≤2.5, ≤10, and 2.5-10 μm in diameter (PM2.5, PM10, and PMcoarse), PM2.5 absorbance, nitrogen oxides (NO2 and NOx) and elemental composition of PM. We estimated cohort-specific associations of air pollutant concentrations and traffic intensity with total, malignant, and nonmalignant brain tumor, in separate Cox regression models, adjusting for risk factors, and pooled cohort-specific estimates using random-effects meta-analyses.
RESULTS: Of 282194 subjects from 12 cohorts, 466 developed malignant brain tumors during 12 years of follow-up. Six of the cohorts also had data on nonmalignant brain tumor, where among 106786 subjects, 366 developed brain tumor: 176 nonmalignant and 190 malignant. We found a positive, statistically nonsignificant association between malignant brain tumor and PM2.5 absorbance (hazard ratio and 95% CI: 1.67; 0.89-3.14 per 10-5/m3), and weak positive or null associations with the other pollutants. Hazard ratio for PM2.5 absorbance (1.01; 0.38-2.71 per 10-5/m3) and all other pollutants were lower for nonmalignant than for malignant brain tumors.
CONCLUSION: We found suggestive evidence of an association between long-term exposure to PM2.5 absorbance indicating traffic-related air pollution and malignant brain tumors, and no association with overall or nonmalignant brain tumors.