Nasal and Pharyngeal Mucosal Immunity to Poliovirus in Children Following Routine Immunization With Inactivated Polio Vaccine in the United States.

BACKGROUND

Although polioviruses (PVs) replicate in lymphoid tissue of both the pharynx and ileum, research on polio vaccine-induced mucosal immunity has predominantly focused on intestinal neutralizing and binding antibody levels measured in stool.

METHODS

To investigate the extent to which routine immunization with intramuscularly injected inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) may induce nasal and pharyngeal mucosal immunity, we measured PV type-specific neutralization and immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgA, and IgM levels in nasal secretions, adenoid cell supernatants, and sera collected from 12 children, aged 2-5 years, undergoing planned adenoidectomies. All participants were routinely immunized with IPV and had no known contact with live PVs.

RESULTS

PV-specific mucosal neutralization was detected in nasal and adenoid samples, mostly from children who had previously received 4 IPV doses. Across the 3 PV serotypes, both nasal (Spearman ρ ≥ 0.87, P ≤ .0003 for all) and adenoid (Spearman ρ ≥ 0.57, P ≤ .05 for all) neutralization titers correlated with serum neutralization titers. In this small study sample, there was insufficient evidence to determine which Ig isotype(s) was correlated with neutralization.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings provide policy-relevant evidence that routine immunization with IPV may induce nasal and pharyngeal mucosal immunity. The observed correlations of nasal and pharyngeal mucosal neutralization with serum neutralization contrast with previous observations of distinct intestinal and serum responses to PV vaccines. Further research is warranted to determine which antibody isotype(s) correlate with polio vaccine-induced nasal and pharyngeal mucosal neutralizing activity and to understand the differences from intestinal mucosal immunity.