Molecular docking of polyphenol compounds and exploring the anticoagulant activity of Costus speciosus extracts in vitro and in vivo.

Anticoagulants have an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular disorders. Costus speciosus (Costaceae) is a medicinal herb used to treat COVID-19-induced thrombosis. The purpose of this study was to assess the anticoagulant activity of various C. speciosus aqueous (CSAE), ethanol (SCEE), and methanol (CSME) extracts in vivo and in vitro utilizing thrombin time (TT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and prothrombin time (PT). Different concentrations of the three extracts were used to evaluate the anticoagulation effects in vitro. In the in vivo assay, male Sprague Dawley rats were used to test the CSME as in vivo anticoagulants. Three groups of rats included the control group and the groups that received CSME daily at a low (200 mg/kg) or high dose (400 mg/kg b.w) for 2 weeks. The molecular docking of the major bioactive constituents of the methanolic extract against the binding site of the thrombin inhibitor complex was evaluated. The HPLC detected 13, 10 and 11 polyphenols in the methanolic, ethanolic and aqueous extracts, respectively. The in vitro results showed that all the studied extracts had anticoagulant activity and increased aPTT, TT, and PT time. The in vivo experiment supported the in vitro results and demonstrated that CSME greatly prolonged the anticoagulant characteristics when compared to the negative control. Both findings suggested that these extracts have significant anticoagulant activity, with CSME being more effective and potentially useful in pharmaceutical applications as a natural anticoagulant medication.