Aptamer-based PSA biosensing technology: From nanomaterials to CRISPR-diagnostics technology.

Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men, making early detection crucial for improving patient outcomes. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a key biomarker for prostate cancer. Traditional PSA detection methods, such as ELISA and CLIA, are widely used but have limitations including complex sample preparation and long assay times. Aptamer-based biosensors offer a promising alternative due to their high affinity, specificity, and ease of customization. Recent advancements in aptamer-based PSA biosensors, including the use of novel nanomaterials and dual-modal detection technologies, have significantly enhanced sensitivity and reliability. The integration of CRISPR-Dx technology has further improved the accuracy of PSA detection in complex biological samples. These innovations hold great potential for developing portable point-of-care testing (POCT) devices for early screening and personalized treatment. This review examines the latest developments in aptamer-based biosensing technology for PSA detection from 2019 to 2025, focusing on nanomaterial innovation, CRISPR-Dx integration, and dual-modal sensing. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the strengths and limitations of current technologies and to outline future directions for more efficient and clinically valuable PSA detection methods.