Bone dispersal by vertebrate taxa in an urban park environment in New England, USA.

The questions of the frequency, distance, and maximum size of the bones that carnivores, rodents, and other common taxa can disperse have been little addressed, especially in the later phases of skeletonization when individual bones are more subject to transport and loss. The present research utilized a sample of dry white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) bones in two locations in a forested urban environment dense with eastern gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), chipmunks (Tamias striatus), coyotes (Canis latrans), raccoons (Procyon lotor), and other potential scavenging taxa. Game cameras were used to document their dispersal behavior. A total of 1731 visits were recorded, by a minimum of 12 mammalian and 9 avian taxa. Small amounts of dispersal impacted the bone samples continuously throughout the observation period, with 52.2% of all movement in the range of 1-5 cm. The bones were dispersed a maximum distance of 1252 cm, and the largest bone moved had an initial mass of 194.6 g. Rodent dry-bone gnawing behavior affected 72.7% of the sample. The project also assessed a smaller sample of Tile Mate® tracking chips for their utility in dispersal research, and these were found to have a useful potential though were not pivotal in acquiring the data presented here. Forensic surface search methods and interpretations of skeletal recovery patterns should take into consideration the ability of these common species to disperse even dry bones away from their initial locations, and this behavior may continue years after the time of initial deposition.