Ultrasonographic Predictors of Difficult Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the gold-standard treatment for gallstone disease, but some procedures become technically challenging, resulting in longer operative times, higher conversion rates, and increased complications. Accurate preoperative prediction is essential for safe surgical planning. This review summarizes current evidence on ultrasonographic predictors of difficult LC (DLC) and evaluates validated ultrasound-based scoring systems for preoperative risk stratification. Ultrasound remains the first-line modality for gallbladder assessment and provides several key predictors of surgical difficulty: gallbladder wall thickness (GBWT) consistently demonstrates the strongest independent association with DLC, correlating with conversion and postoperative complications. Pericholecystic fluid, though less frequent, is highly specific for severe inflammation and complex cases. Gallstone impaction at the neck or Hartmann's pouch is a stronger predictor than stone multiplicity. Abnormal gallbladder size, whether contracted or distended, complicates dissection, while common bile duct dilatation serves as a secondary predictor. Several scoring systems combine these sonographic features with clinical variables such as age, sex, obesity, and prior inflammation, helping achieve stronger predictive accuracy.