Normal anatomy and variants of the venous cardiac system in MDCT coronary angiography.

Three separate venous systems drain the blood returning from the heart walls. These veins are characterised by remarkable variability in terms of frequency, size and course. The knowledge of cardiac venous anatomy is of primary importance during interventional cardiac procedures that require catheterisation of cardiac veins. Some anatomical variants may hinder or contraindicate access to target veins. Coronary angiography (CA) with multidetector computed tomography (MDCT-CA) and multiplanar reformations (MPR), maximum intensity projection (MIP) and 3D reconstructions provides noninvasive visualisation of normal cardiac veins and anatomical variants. The purpose of this pictorial review is to describe by MDCT-CA the anatomy and main variants of the cardiac venous system.