Maternal Tobacco Exposure and Development of Orofacial Clefts in the Child: A Case-Control Study Conducted in Pakistan.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between maternal tobacco exposure and development of orofacial clefts (OFCs) in the child in a Pakistani population.

METHODS

A case-control study was conducted at the Cleft Hospital and Bashir Hospital in Gujrat, Pakistan, from December 2015 to December 2016. All new cases of OFC at the Cleft Hospital were included. Patients at Bashir Hospital younger than 3 years and without congenital malformations were selected as control subjects. Risk factors associated with OFC were identified through bivariate analyses. Multiple logistic regression was then performed to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of developing OFC according to various risk factors.

RESULTS

The study included 297 patients with OFC and 131 control subjects. Upon univariable analysis, the following were associated with OFC: maternal tobacco exposure (P < 0.001), complications during pregnancy (P < 0.001), maternal hypertension (P = 0.01), mother not on physician-recommended medications (P < 0.001), mother not receiving vaccinations (P < 0.001), consanguineous marriage (P < 0.001), and lower socioeconomic status (P < 0.001). Upon multivariable analysis, having a smoking parent (OR, 1.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10-3.26), complications during pregnancy (OR, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.43-3.88), and consanguineous marriage (OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.13-2.85) were associated with increased odds of development of OFC; receiving vaccinations (OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.16-0.63) and higher socioeconomic status (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.05-0.74) were protective.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with OFC were nearly twice as likely to have a parent who smokes as those without. Efforts to reduce tobacco consumption among prospective parents, such as perinatal tobacco cessation counseling programs, should be evaluated in this population.