The immune landscape of systemic inflammation in prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer is a significant global health issue with inflammation emerging as a critical driver of progression. The prostate tumor microenvironment (TME) is comprised of tumor cells, mesenchymal stem cells, immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, adipocytes, and the extracellular matrix. All of these TME components interact via soluble factors, such as growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. These interactions remodel the TME and drive inflammation and tumor progression. Prolonged inflammation leads to dysregulated activation and infiltration of immune cells in the TME. This process maintains an immunosuppressive environment and facilitates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, migration, and invasion. Chronic inflammation causes inflammatory mediators to enter the circulation over time, as evidenced by systemic biomarkers, such as the systemic immune-inflammation index, which links inflammation to disease severity. Interactions between the prostate gland and adipose tissues further exacerbate systemic inflammation. Inflammation in the prostate gland confers resistance to therapy, primes distant metastatic niches, and promotes metastatic spread, resulting in poor clinical outcomes. Therapeutic strategies, such as anti-inflammatory agents and immunotherapies, hold promise in mitigating disease burden. This review explored the immune landscape of systemic inflammation in prostate cancer, discussed the role of the immune landscape in resistance to therapy and metastasis, and offered insights into potential interventions for targeting inflammation to limit prostate cancer burden.