Exploring anaerobic CO2 production response to elevated nitrate levels in Gulf of Mexico coastal wetlands: Phenomena and relationships.

Recent studies have shown the effect of nitrate (NO3-) on carbon gas emissions from wetland soils that contradict thermodynamic predictions. In this study, CO2 production in three Mississippi River deltaic plain wetland soils (forest swamp, freshwater and saline marshes) with the presence of different NO3- levels (0.2, 2.0, and 3.2 mM) was evaluated in an anaerobic microcosm. Molecular composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) of these soils was investigated using pyrolysis-GC/MS, and soil microbial community was characterized based on phosphorus lipid fatty acid (PLFA) method to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Addition of NO3- promoted CO2 production in swamp forest soil, but inhibited CO2 emission from marsh soils. Pyrolysis-GC/MS analysis showed that swamp soil contained more polysaccharides, whereas both marsh soils had high abundance of phenolic compounds. Total PLFAs of forest swamp soil were 34% and 66% higher than freshwater and saline marsh soils, respectively. The PLFA profiles indicated different microbial distribution along a salinity gradient with the forest swamp having a higher proportion of fungi and NO3- reducers but lower sulfate (SO42-) reducers than marsh soils. Overall, the study indicated that the inherent differences in soil DOM and microbial community led to the contrasting response in soil CO2 respiration between forest swamp and marsh ecosystems to NO3- loading. These differences should be considered in determining the fate of nitrate entering Louisiana coastal wetlands from river diversions and other sources and their management.