Laparoscopy in urology.

Mention of all of the procedures in urology that have been attempted, or are being done, laparoscopically is beyond the scope of this article. The laparoscopic procedures outlined in this article are gaining increasing support as surgeons attempt to redefine gold standard minimally invasive therapies in the new millennium. Additional procedures, such as laparoscopic retroperitoneal lymph node dissections for low-stage, nonseminomatous germ cell testicular cancers and laparoscopic renal cryoablation of small renal cancers, are soon to be added to this list. As laparoscopic instrumentation and equipment continue to improve, it will become possible to explore even more procedures laparoscopically. Advances in imaging techniques, lasers, miniaturized robotics, and other areas may further define what is meant by the term minimal access surgery in the decades to follow.