Open and endovascular management of subclavian and innominate arterial pathology.

Innominate and subclavian artery lesions run a wide spectrum of disease manifestation and treatment options. Since the first surgical treatment, multiple variances have been attempted with the desire to maintain high long-term patency rates while reducing perioperative morbidity and mortality. The advent of endovascular procedures in the 1970s provided the opportunity to seek alternative treatment options, but the fear of serious neurologic sequela stalled the adoption of these new techniques. The advancement in endovascular techniques and technology, along with proven clinical success and decreased morbidity and mortality, has led to their adoption as the first-line treatment.