Patients with ischemic heart disease.

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) occurs when myocardial oxygen supply is not adequate for myocardial oxygen demand. Patients with IHD who are undergoing surgery are at risk for development of perioperative cardiac events (PCEs), and this risk depends on the type of surgery, the presence of clinical risk factors, and functional status of the patients. Appropriate perioperative management of medications such as dual antiplatelet therapy and β-blockers has a significant impact on outcomes. Perioperative management decisions should be communicated clearly between the surgeon, cardiologist, and anesthesiologist in charge of the patient. Appropriate perioperative management reduces the incidence of PCEs.