Image-Guided Fluorescence Endomicroscopy: From Macro- to Micro-Imaging of Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) is a debilitating side effect of radiation therapy (RT) of several cancers including lung and breast cancers. Current clinical methods to assess and monitor RIPF involve diagnostic computed tomography (CT) imaging, which is restricted to anatomical macroscopic changes. Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) or fluorescence endomicroscopy (FE) in combination with a fibrosis-targeted fluorescent probe allows to visualize RIPF in real-time at the microscopic level. However, a major limitation of FE imaging is the lack of anatomical localization of the endomicroscope within the lung. In this work, we proposed and validated the use of x-ray fluoroscopy-guidance in a rat model of RIPF to pinpoint the location of the endomicroscope during FE imaging and map it back to its anatomical location in the corresponding CT image. For varying endomicroscope positions, we observed a positive correlation between CT and FE imaging as indicated by the significant association between increased lung density on CT and the presence of fluorescent fiber structures with FE in RT cases compared to Control. Combining multimodality imaging allows visualization and quantification of molecular processes at specific locations within the injured lung. The proposed image-guided FE method can be extended to other disease models and is amenable to clinical translation for assessing and monitoring fibrotic damage.