Extreme-risk category: High prevalence among stable coronary patients and an emerging widening treatment gap in achieving LDL-cholesterol less than 55 mg/dL.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The latest guidelines from the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) and the American College of Endocrinology (ACE) proposed a new "extreme-risk" category of patients, for whom a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level <55 mg/dL (1.4 mmol/L) is advised. We aimed to identify the proportion of patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD), who are at extreme cardiovascular (CV) risk, and explore how achievable is the new LDL-C goal.

METHODS: We enrolled 1629 consecutive patients ≤80 years with stable CAD. Fasting lipids were determined and patients having probable or definite heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia (HeFH) were identified using the Dutch Lipid Clinic Network algorithm.

RESULTS: The prevalence of risk factors/characteristics suggesting an extreme CV risk were as follows: 32% diabetes mellitus, 33% premature CAD and 9.2% HeFH. In total, 895 (55%) patients had at least one of those risk factors/characteristics and formed the extreme CV risk category. Among patients at extreme risk, 87% were on lipid-lowering therapy, of whom 20.3% had LDL-C <70 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) and only 5.3% had LDL-C <55 mg/dL.

CONCLUSIONS: More than half of all patients with stable CAD are at extreme CV risk and very few (∼5%) achieve LDL-C levels <55 mg/dL. Using maximally-tolerated high-intensity statin combined with ezetimibe, if necessary, is imperative to bridge the treatment gap, while in selected cases the addition of PCSK9 inhibitors will be required.