Mechanisms underlying atrial fibrillation in chronic kidney disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious and progressive worldwide health problem affecting 15 % of the global population. CKD is associated with higher mortality rates due to secondary complications such as cardiovascular disease. Common cardiovascular complications found in CKD patients include left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias. The most common type of cardiac arrhythmia in CKD patients is atrial fibrillation (AF). Proper management of AF is important due to its high risk of cardiovascular complications and stroke. The incidence of AF remains higher in CKD patients than in the healthy population, highlighting the need to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying CKD-induced AF. In this review, we discuss well-known systemic factors linking CKD to AF pathogenesis. We highlighted the involvement of several inflammatory mediators in the CKD-induced atrial arrhythmogenesis. We also address special considerations for experimental models of CKD and AF management in CKD patients. Finally, we emphasize the need for a deeper understanding of the molecular underpinning, and for high-quality clinical investigations into the CKD-AF connection.