From Narcotic to Normalizer: The Misperception of Methadone Treatment and the Persistence of Prejudice and Bias.

This article concentrates on methadone maintenance as a normalizer for the impairments of opioid addiction, and the misunderstandings of it as a substitute for heroin that continues an opiate addiction. Methadone treatment was developed by Drs. Dole, Nyswander, and Kreek. Their cutting-edge theory transformed the way that opioid addiction is perceived and their work changed methadone from a narcotic to withdraw addicts to a medication that is a maintenance normalizer for a chronic condition. Their extensive research involved the physiological and sociological normalizing effects of methadone and medical safety of the medication (Dole & Nyswander, 1967).