Molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and its effects on bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the 3 common malignant tumors in the urinary system, with high incidence, easy metastasis, poor therapeutic efficacy, and poor prognosis, which seriously threatens the health of human. Tumor cells exhibit a strong demand for iron, and iron overload can induce ferroptosis, which is an iron dependent cell death caused by lipid peroxidation and cell membrane damage. Therefore, ferroptosis has strong anti-tumor potential. The molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis is associated with abnormalities in cellular phospholipid metabolism and iron metabolism, and dysregulation of antioxidant and non-antioxidant systems Xc-/glutathione (GSH)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Ferroptosis relevant molecules play important roles in the occurrence and development, metastasis, drug resistance, and immune response of BC, and are expected to become targets for the treatment of BC.